Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 1 , Pages 33-37 , January 2010

The Efficacy and Safety of Oral Pentobarbital Sedation in Pediatric Echocardiography

References 

  1. Zellers TM, Zehr R, Weinstein E, Leonard S, Ring WS, Nikaidoh H. Two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography alone can adequately define preoperative anatomy and hemodynamic status before repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect in infants <1 year old. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;24:574–575
  2. Minich L, Snider AR, Bove EL, Lupinetti FM, Vermilion RP. Echocardiographic evaluation of atrioventricular orifice anatomy in children with atrioventricular septal defect. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:149–153
  3. Levine JC, Geva T. Echocardiographic assessment of common atrioventricular canal. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 1999;10:137–151
  4. Heistein LC, Ramaciotti C, Scott WA, Coursey M, Sheeran PW, Lemler MS. Chloral hydrate sedation for pediatric echocardiography: physiological responses, adverse events, and risk factors. Pediatrics. 2006;117:434–442
  5. Napoli KL, Ingall CG, Martin GR. Safety and efficacy of chloral hydrate sedation in children undergoing echocardiography. J Pediatr. 1996;129:287–291
  6. Stevenson JG, French JW, Tenckhoff L, Wright S, Zamberlin K. Video viewing as an alternative to sedation for young subjects who have cardiac ultrasound examinations. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1990;3:488–490
  7. Wheeler DS, Jensen RA, Poss WB. A randomized, blinded comparison of chloral hydrate and midazolam sedation in children undergoing echocardiography. Clin Pediatr. 2001;40:381–387
  8. Yildirim SV, Guc BU, Bozdogan N, Tokel K. Oral versus intranasal midazolam premedication for infants during echocardiographic study. Adv Ther. 2006;23:719–723
  9. Lazol JP, DeGroff CG. Minimal sedation second dose strategy with intranasal midazolam in an outpatient pediatric echocardiographic setting. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:383–387
  10. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologist Task Force on Preoperative Fasting. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:896–905
  11. Mason KP, Sanborn P, Zurakowski D, Karian VE, Connor L, Fontaine PJ, et al. Superiority of pentobarbital versus chloral hydrate for sedation in infants during imaging. Radiology. 2004;230:537–542
  12. Layangool T, Sangtawesin C, Kirawittaya T, Prompan W, Attachoo A, Pechdamrongsakul A, et al. A comparison of oral chloral hydrate and sublingual midazolam sedation for echocardiogram in children. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91:S45–S52
  13. D'Agostino J, Terndrup TE. Chloral hydrate versus midazolam for sedation of children for neuroimaging: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000;16:65–72
  14. Al-Rakaf H, Bello LL, Turkustani A, Adenubi JO. Intra-nasal midazolam in conscious sedation of young paediatric dental patients. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2001;11:33–40
  15. Sanborn PA, Michna E, Zurakowski D, Burrows PE, Fontaine PJ, Connor L, et al. Adverse cardiovascular and respiratory events during sedation of pediatric patients for imaging examinations. Radiology. 2005;237:288–294
  16. Chung T, Hoffer FA, Connor L, Zurakowski D, Burrows PE. The use of oral pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal) versus oral chloral hydrate in infants undergoing CT and MR imaging—a pilot study. Pediatr Radiol. 1999;30:332–335
  17. Rubin JT, Towbin RB, Bartko M, Baskin KM, Cahill AM, Kaye RD. Oral and intravenous caffeine for treatment of children with post-sedation paradoxical hyperactivity. Pediatr Radiol. 2004;34:980–984

PII: S0894-7317(09)00883-9

doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.09.021

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 1 , Pages 33-37 , January 2010

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