Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 275-281 , March 2010

The Relative Atrial Index (RAI)—A Novel, Simple, Reliable, and Robust Transthoracic Echocardiographic Indicator of Atrial Defects

  • Natalie F.A. Kelly, MCardUltrasound, BExSci

      Affiliations

    • The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Natalie F. A. Kelly, The Prince Charles Hospital, Cardiac Sciences Unit, Echocardiography Lab, Ground Floor, Main Acute Building, Rode Road, Chermside, Queensland, Australia 4032.
    • ,
  • Darren L. Walters, MBBS, MPhil, FRACP, FCSANZ, FCAI

      Affiliations

    • The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
    • ,
  • Lisa A. Hourigan, MBBS, FRACP

      Affiliations

    • The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
    • ,
  • Darryl J. Burstow, MBBS, FRACP

      Affiliations

    • The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
    • ,
  • Gregory M. Scalia, MBBS, FRACP, FASE

      Affiliations

    • The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia

References 

  1. Salehian O, Horlick E, Schwerzmann M, Haberer K, McLaughlin P, Siu S, et al. Improvements in cardiac form and function after transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:499–504
  2. Kort HW, Balzer DT, Johnson MC. Resolution of right heart enlargement after closure of secundum atrial septal defect with transcatheter technique. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1528–1532
  3. Veldtman GR, Razack V, Siu S, El-Hajj H, Walker F, Webb GD, et al. Right ventricular form and function after percutaneous atrial septal defect device closure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:2108–2113
  4. Du ZD, Cao QL, Koenig P, Heitschmidt M, Hijazi ZM. Speed of normalization of right ventricular volume overload after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect in children and adults. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:1450–1453
  5. Santoro G, Pascotto M, Sarubbi B, Bigazzi MC, Calvanese R, Iacono C, et al. Early electrical and geometric changes after percutaneous closure of large atrial septal defect. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:876–880
  6. Pascotto M, Santoro G, Cerrato F, Caputo S, Bigazzi MC, Iacono C, et al. Time-course of cardiac remodelling following transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect. Int J Cardiol. 2006;112:348–352
  7. Johnson MC, Sekarski TJ, Balzer DT. Echocardiographic prediction of left-to-right shunt with atrial septal defects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000;13:1038–1042
  8. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18:1440–1463
  9. Coon PD, Lang RM. Improved visualization of sinus venosus atrial septal defects in adults from the transthoracic approach. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:1072;e1-3
  10. McDonald RW, Rice MJ, Reller MD, Marcella CP, Sahn DJ. Echocardiographic imaging techniques with subcostal and right parasternal longitudinal views in detecting sinus venosus atrial septal defects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1996;9:195–198
  11. Shub C, Dimopoulos IN, Seward JB, Callahan JA, Tancredi RG, Schattenberg TT, et al. Sensitivity of two-dimensional echocardiography in the direct visualization of atrial septal defect utilizing the subcostal approach: experience with 154 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;2:127–135
  12. Konstantinides S, Kasper W, Geibel A, Hofmann T, Koster W, Just H. Detection of left-to-right shunt in atrial septal defect by negative contrast echocardiography: a comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal approach. Am Heart J. 1993;126:909–917
  13. Suzuki Y, Kambara H, Kadota K, Tamaki S, Yamazato A, Nohara R, et al. Detection of intracardiac shunt flow in atrial septal defect using a real-time two-dimensional color-coded Doppler flow imaging system and comparison with contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 1985;56:347–350
  14. Thanopoulos BD, Laskari CV, Tsaousis GS, Zarayelyan A, Vekiou A, Papadopoulos GS. Closure of atrial septal defects with the Amplatzer occlusion device: preliminary results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1110–1116
  15. Chessa M, Carminati M, Butera G, Bini RM, Drago M, Rosti L, et al. Early and late complications associated with transcatheter occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1061–1065
  16. Giardini A, Donti A, Formigari R, Specchia S, Prandstraller Bonvicini M, et al. Determinants of cardiopulmonary functional improvement after transcatheter atrial septal defect closure in asymptomatic adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1886–1891
  17. Lange A, Coleman D, Palka P, Burstow DJ, Wilkinson JL, Godman MJ. Effect of catheter device closure of atrial septal defect on diastolic mitral annular motion. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:104–108
  18. Thilen U, Persson S. Closure of atrial septal defect in the adult. Cardiac remodelling is an early event. Int J Cardiol. 2006;108:370–375

PII: S0894-7317(09)01074-8

doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.11.014

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 275-281 , March 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution