Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 1 , Pages 38-42 , January 2010

A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Chloral Hydrate Versus Inhaled Anesthesia for Sedating Infants and Toddlers for Transthoracic Echocardiograms

  • Susan C. Nicolson, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, The Cardiac Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence: Susan C. Nicolson, MD, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Main Building, 12NW48, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399.
    • ,
  • Lisa M. Montenegro, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, The Cardiac Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    • ,
  • Meryl S. Cohen, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, The Cardiac Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    • ,
  • Daniel O'Neill, BA

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, The Cardiac Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    • ,
  • Donna Calfin, RN

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiac Nursing, The Cardiac Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    • ,
  • Lisa A. Jones, BSN, RN

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Cardiac Critical Care, The Cardiac Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    • ,
  • David R. Jobes, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, The Cardiac Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

References 

  1. Lai WW, Geva T, Shirali GS, Frommelt PC, Humes RA, Brook MM, et al. Guidelines and standards for performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Task Force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:1413–1430
  2. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: addendum. Pediatrics. 2002;110:836–838
  3. Heistein LC, Ramaciotti C, Scott WA, Coursey M, Sheeran PW, Lemler MS. Chloral hydrate sedation for pediatric echocardiography: physiologic responses, adverse events, and risk factors. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e434–e441
  4. Napoli KL, Ingall CG, Martin GR. Safety and efficacy of chloral hydrate sedation in children undergoing echocardiography. J Pediatr. 1996;129:287–291
  5. Lipshitz M, Marino BL, Sanders ST. Chloral hydrate side effects in young children: causes and management. Heart Lung. 1993;22:408–414
  6. Warden CN, Bernard PK, Kimball TR. The efficacy and safety of oral pentobarbital sedation in pediatric echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. In press.
  7. Lazol JP, DeGroff CG. Miminal sedation second dose strategy with intranasal midazolam in an outpatient pediatric echocardiography setting. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:383–387
  8. Ghaffar S, Haverland C, Ramaciotti C, Scott WA, Lemler MS. Sedation for pediatric echocardiography: evaluation of preprocedure fasting guidelines. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002;15:980–983

PII: S0894-7317(09)01101-8

doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.11.019

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 1 , Pages 38-42 , January 2010

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