Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 282-285 , March 2010

Anomalies Associated With a Prominent Azygos Vein on Echocardiography in the Pediatric Population

  • Rajesh Punn, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Rajesh Punn, MD, Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, 750 Welch Road, Suite 325, Palo Alto, California 94304.
    • ,
  • Inger Olson, MD

References 

  1. Anderson RC, Adams P, Burke B. Anomalous inferior vena cava with azygos continuation (infrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava). Report of 15 new cases. J Pediatr. 1961;59:370–383
  2. Anderson RC, Heilig W, Novic R, Jarvis C. Anomalous inferior vena cava with azygos drainage: so-called absence of the inferior vena cava. Am Heart J. 1955;49:318–322
  3. Garris JB, Kangarloo H, Sample WF. Ultrasonic diagnosis of infrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos (hemiazygos) continuation. Radiology. 1980;134:179–183
  4. Ginaldi S, Chuang VP, Wallace S. Absence of hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava with azygos continuation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1980;4:112–114
  5. Parikh SR, Prasad K, Iyer RN, Desai N, Mohankrishna L. Prospective angiographic study of the abnormalities of systemic venous connections in congenital and acquired heart disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996;38:379–386
  6. Sheley RC, Nyberg DA, Kapur R. Azygos continuation of the interrupted inferior vena cava: a clue to prenatal diagnosis of the cardiosplenic syndromes. J Ultrasound Med. 1995;14:381–387
  7. Smathers RL, Buschi AJ, Pope TL, Brenbridge AN, Williamson BR. The azygos arch: normal and pathologic CT appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139:477–483
  8. Celentano C, Malinger G, Rotmensch S, Gerboni S, Wolman Y, Glezerman M. Prenatal diagnosis of interrupted inferior vena cava as an isolated finding: a benign vascular malformation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999;14:215–218
  9. Fernandes R, Israel RH. Isolated azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava in the elderly. Respiration. 2000;67:229–233
  10. Iqbal J, Nagaraju E. Congenital absence of inferior vena cava and thrombosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2008;2:46
  11. Rector WG, Xu YH, Goldstein L, Peters RL, Reynolds TB. Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava in the United States. Medicine (Baltimore). 1985;64:134–143
  12. Schneeweiss A, Bleiden LC, Deutsch V, Shem-Tov A, Neufeld HN. Uninterrupted inferior vena cava with azygos continuation. Chest. 1981;80:114–115
  13. Coscina WF, Arger PH, Mintz MC, Coleman BG. Concurrent duplication and azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava. J Comput Tomogr. 1986;10:287–290
  14. MacDonald C, Mikhailian H, Yoo SJ, Freedom RM, Adatia I. Angiographic findings of persistent primitive hepatic venous plexus with underdevelopment of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava in pediatric patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:1397–1401
  15. Vittore CP, Posniak HV. Re: Duplicated IVC with normal-appearing right IVC and azygos continuation of the left IVC. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1999;22:84–85
  16. Musolino AM, Santoro G, Marino B, Formigari R, Guccione P, Pasquini L. Echocardiographic diagnosis of totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the azygos vein. Cardiol Young. 1999;9:305–309
  17. Ammash NM, Connolly HM, Julsrud PR, Seward JB, Danielson GK. Transesophageal echocardiography: unusual case of anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the azygos vein. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1997;10:738–744
  18. Toyoshima M, Sato A, Fukumoto Y, Taniguchi M, Imokawa S, Takayama S, et al. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return showing anomalous venous return to the azygos vein. Intern Med. 1992;31:1112–1116

PII: S0894-7317(09)01108-0

doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.11.025

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 282-285 , March 2010

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