Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 4 , Pages 396-402 , April 2010

Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography for the Indication of Suspected Infective Endocarditis: Vegetations, Blood Cultures and Imaging

References 

  1. Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB. Infective endocarditis in adults. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1318–1330
  2. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG, Bolger AF, Levison ME, et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation. 2005;111:e394–e434
  3. Cabell CH, Jollis JG, Peterson GE, Corey GR, Anderson DJ, Sexton DJ, et al. Changing patient characteristics and the effect on mortality in endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:90–94
  4. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Am J Med. 1994;96:200–209
  5. Shapiro SM, Young E, De Guzman S, Ward J, Chiu CY, Ginzton LE, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Chest. 1994;105:377–382
  6. Birmingham GD, Rahko PS, Ballantyne F. Improved detection of infective endocarditis with transesophageal echocardiography. Am Heart J. 1992;123:774–781
  7. Watanakunakorn C, Burkert T. Infective endocarditis at a large community teaching hospital, 1980-1990. A review of 210 episodes. Medicine (Baltimore). 1993;72:90–102
  8. Shively BK, Gurule FT, Roldan CA, Leggett JH, Schiller NB. Diagnostic value of transesophageal compared with transthoracic echocardiography in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:391–397
  9. Jassal DS, Aminbakhsh A, Fang T, Shaikh N, Embil JM, Mackenzie GS, et al. Diagnostic value of harmonic transthoracic echocardiography in native valve infective endocarditis: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007;5:20
  10. Reynolds HR, Jagen MA, Tunick PA, Kronzon I. Sensitivity of transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of native valve vegetations in the modern era. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:67–70
  11. Douglas PS, Khandheria B, Stainback RF, Weissman NJ, Peterson ED, Hendel RC, et al. American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group; American Society of Echocardiography; American College of Emergency Physicians; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; American College of Chest Physicians; Society of Critical Care Medicine ACCF/ASE/ACEP/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2007 appropriateness criteria for transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American Society of Echocardiography, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:187–204
  12. Goossens H. Antibiotic consumption and link to resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(suppl):12–15
  13. Shahid M, Sobia F, Singh A, Malik A, Khan HM, Jonas D, et al. Beta-lactams and beta-lactamase-inhibitors in current- or potential-clinical practice: a comprehensive update. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2009;35:81–108
  14. Heidenreich PA, Masoudi FA, Maini B, Chou TM, Foster E, Schiller NB, et al. Echocardiography in patients with suspected endocarditis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Med. 1999;107:198–208
  15. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davis JL, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:1091–1110
  16. Fowler VG, Li J, Corey GR, Boley J, Marr KA, Gopal AK, et al. Role of echocardiography in evaluation of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: experience in 103 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1072–1078
  17. Nasser RM, Melgar GR, Longworth DL, Gordon SM. Incidence and risk of developing fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis after nosocomial candidemia. Am J Med. 1997;103:25–32
  18. Hawkins C, Huang J, Jin N, Noskin GA, Zembower TR, Bolon M. Persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: an analysis of risk factors and outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1861–1867
  19. Hill EE, Vanderschueren S, Verhaegen J, Herijgers P, Claus P, Herregods MC, et al. Risk factors for infective endocarditis and outcome of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:1165–1169
  20. Werner M, Andersson R, Olaison L, Hogevik H. A clinical study of culture-negative endocarditis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:263–273
  21. Reisner SA, Brenner B, Haim N, Edoute Y, Markiewicz W. Echocardiography in nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: from autopsy to clinical entity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000;13:876–881
  22. Lopez JA, Ross RS, Fishbein MC, Siegel RJ. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a review. Am Heart J. 1987;113:773–784
  23. El-Shami K, Griffiths E, Streiff M. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in cancer patients: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Oncologist. 2007;12:518–523
  24. Kasper DL, Brunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser S, Longo DL, Jameson JL. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005;731-40
  25. Griffin BP, Topol EJ. Manual of cardiovascular medicine. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2009;268
  26. Werner M, Andersson R, Olaison L, Hogevik H Swedish Society of Infectious Diseases Quality Assurance Study Group for Endocarditis. A 10-year survey of blood culture negative endocarditis in Sweden: aminoglycoside therapy is important for survival. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40:279–285
  27. Zamorano J, Sanz J, Almería C, Rodrigo JL, Samedi M, Herrera D, et al. Differences between endocarditis with true negative blood cultures and those with previous antibiotic treatment. J Heart Valve Dis. 2003;12:256–260
  28. Lindner JR, Case RA, Dent JM, Abbott RD, Scheld WM, Kaul S. Diagnostic value of echocardiography in suspected endocarditis. An evaluation based on the pretest probability of disease. Circulation. 1996;93:730–736
  29. Irani WN, Grayburn PA, Afridi I. A negative transthoracic echocardiogram obviates the need for transesophageal echocardiography in patients with suspected native valve active infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:101–103
  30. Daniel WG, Mügge A, Martin RP, Lindert O, Hausmann D, Nonnast-Daniel B, et al. Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiography. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:795–800

PII: S0894-7317(09)01203-6

doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.12.017

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 4 , Pages 396-402 , April 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution